MENTAL HEALTH OF THE PARENTS OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN IN RELATION TO THEIR EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
By: Kazi Imrul Kayesh,Sabina Sultana,Noor Muhammad
Key Words: Mental health, autism, level of education, employment status.
JLES-Vol-14-No-P-39-45, December 2019.
AbstractThe current study was intended to inspect the mental health of parents of children with autism in relation to their level of education and employment status. A total of 284 parents were selected purposively from different districts of Rajshahi division in Bangladesh. Anxiety of the respondents was measured by administering Anxiety Measuring Questionnaire (Deeba and Begum 2002) and depression of the respondents was measured by applying Depression Measuring Questionnaire (Uddin and Rahman 2005). Adapted Bangla version of Life Stress Measuring Questionnaire (Fahim 2001) originally developed by Cohen, 1999 was used to measure the life stress of the same participants. Results of the study indicate that parents differed significantly in anxiety (F = 18.434, p < 0.001), depression (F = 30.919, p < 0.001), and stress (F = 28.664, p < 0.001) scores in terms of their level of education. Parents also varied in anxiety (t = 2.755, p < 0.01), depression (t = 4.209, p < 0.001) and stress (t = 4.606, p < 0.001) scores in terms of their employment status. Unemployed parents suffered from more anxiety, depression and stress due to their beloved children’s health condition as compared to employed parents.
Araya R, Lewis G, Rojas G and Fritsch R 2003. Education and income: which is more important for mental health? J. Epidem. Commu. Health 57(7): 501-505.
Carey L, Nicholson B and Fox R 2002. Maternal factors related to parenting young children with congenital heart disease. J. Pedia. Nursing, 17: 174–183.
Chaabene I, Halayem S, Mrabet A, Hajri M and Bouden A 2018. Quality of life among parents of children with autism spectrum disorders in Tunisia. Tunis Med. 96(3): 172-177.
Chang VW and Lauderdale DS 2009. Fundamental cause theory, technological innovation, and health disparities: The case of cholesterol in the era of Statins. J. Health S. Behav. 50(3): 245–260.
Cohen J 1999. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. United States 233-254 pp.
Cutler DM and Lleras-Muney A 2012. ‘Education and health: Insights from international comparisons’, NBER Working Papers.
Deeba F and Begum R 2002. Development of an Anxiety Scale for Bangladesh population. Bangladesh Psychol. Stud. 14: 38-54.
Dzubay SK 2011. Parental grief, coping strategies and challenges when a child has autism spectrum disorder. Msc Thesis, Department of Family Studies and Human Development, University of Wisconsin-Stout, USA.
Fahim Y 2001. How Stressful of Your Life Stress. Dhaka Uni. J. Psychol. 25:24-27
Farsi OA, Farsi YM, Al-Sharbati M and Al-Adawi S. 2016. Stress, anxiety, and depression among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Oman: A case-control study. Neuropsychia. Dis. Treat. 12: 1943–1951.
Ferdous J, Roy K and Islam T 2018. Job satisfaction and mental health of police officers in Bangladesh. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, Jagannath University, Dhaka.
Fergusson DM, McLeod GF and Horwood LJ 2014. Unemployment and psychosocial outcomes to age 30: a fixed-effects regression analysis. Australian NewZealand J. Psychia. 48(8): 735–742.
Fryers T, Melzer D and Jenkins R 2003. Social inequalities and the common mental disorders. A systematic review of the evidence. Soc. Psychia. Epidem. 38(5): 229–237.
Halpern-Manners A, Schnabel L, Hernandez EM, Silberg JL and Eaves LJ 2016. The relationship between education and mental health: New evidence from a discordant twin study. Soc. Forces 95(1): 107-131.
Lawoko S and Soares J 2002. Distress and hopelessness among parents of children with congenital heart disease, parents of children with other diseases and parents of healthy children. J. Psychosom. Res. 52: 193–208.
McKee-Ryan F, Song Z, Wanberg CR and Kinicki AJ 2005. Psychological and physical well-being during unemployment: a meta-analytic study. J. Appl. Psychol. 90(1): 53–76.
Meadan H, Stoner JB and Angell ME 2010. Review of literature related to the social, emotional and behavioral adjustment of siblings of individuals with autism spectrum disorder. J. Dev. Physic. Disorder 22: 83–100.
Mirowsky J and Ross CE 2008. Education and self-rated health: Cumulative advantage and its rising importance. Res. Aging 30: 93–122.
Montes G and Halterman J 2008. Association of childhood autism spectrum disorders and loss of family income. J. Pedia. 121: 821–826.
Omar TEI, Ahmed WM and Basiouny NS 2017. Challenges and adjustments of mothers having children with autism. Alexandria J. Pedia. 30(3): 120-129.
Paul KI and Moser K 2009. Unemployment impairs mental health: meta-analyses. J. Vocat. Behav. 74(3): 264–282.
Pelzer B, Schaffrath S and Vernaleken I 2014. Coping with unemployment: the impact of unemployment on mental health, personality and social interaction skills. Work 48(2):289–295.
Quinones AR, Markwardt S and Botoseneanu A 2016. Multi morbidity combinations and disability in older adults. J. Geronto. Series Bio. Sci. Med. Sci. 71: 823–830.
Rosenthal E, Biesecker L and Biesecker B 2001. Parental attitudes toward a diagnosis in children with unidentified multiple congenital anomaly syndromes. Ame. J. Med. Gen. 103: 106–114.
Tan E 2014. Human Capital Theory: A Holistic Criticism. Rev. Edu.
Res. 84(3): 411-445.
Uddin MZ and Rahman MM 2005. Development of a scale of depression for use in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Psychol. Stud. 15: 25-44.
Vidyasagar N and Koshy S 2010. Stress and coping in mothers of autistic children. J. Indian Academ. Appl. Psychol. 36: 245–248
WHO 2004. Promoting mental health: Concepts, emerging evidence, practice (Summary Report) Geneva.
Zajacova A and Montez JK 2017. Physical functioning trends among US women and men Age 45–64 by education level. Biodem. Soc. Bio. 63: 21–30.
Kazi Imrul Kayesh,Sabina Sultana,Noor Muhammad
MENTAL HEALTH OF THE PARENTS OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN IN RELATION TO THEIR EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT STATUS
JLES-Vol-14-No-P-39-45, December 2019.
https://jlescience.com/les-publish/mental-health-of-the-parents-of-autistic-children-in-relation-to-their-education-and-employment-status/Copyright © 2022
By Authors and Journal of Life and Earth Science (JLES)
https://jlescience.com
